Kursus bahasa esperanto

THE GRAM’

have you ever heard

of a language whose

entire grammar fits

on a single sheet of paper?

Lesson 1 ª.

Alphabet & Pronunciation

Every letter is pronounced in every word, and everything is written exactly as it is pronounced. Esperanto does not use the letters Q, W, X and Y. We do, however, have 6 other letters – Ĉ, Ĝ, Ĥ, Ĵ, Ŝ and Ŭ – and some of the usual letters are pronounced differently:

A, B, C (‘ts’), Ĉ (‘ch’), D, E, F, G (as ‘g’ in ‘gag’), Ĝ (as ‘g’ in ‘genie’), H, Ĥ (as the ‘ch’ in ‘loch’), I (as ‘ee” in “bee’), J (short ‘i’, as ‘y’ in ‘yes’), Ĵ (as ‘s’ in ‘measure’), K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, Ŝ (‘sh’), T, U (‘oo’), Ŭ (short ‘u’, as ‘w’ in ‘woman’), V, Z. In Esperanto, the emphasis is always on the second-last syllable of the word.

Word Endings

No exceptions in Esperanto:

Every noun ends is ‘o’ – parolo = speech.

Every adjective ends in ‘a’ – parola = oral.

Adverbs end in ‘e’ – parole = verbally.

Plural is made with a ‘j’ – paroloj = speeches.

Infinitive verbs with ‘i’ – paroli = to speak.

Articles

There is only one definite article, ‘la’:

la parolo = the speech, la paroloj = the speeches,

There is no indefinite article (no ‘a’, ‘an’, ‘some’):

parolo = a speech, paroloj = some speeches.

Lesson 2 ª.

Personal Pronouns

mi (I), vi [or ci, seldom used] (you), li (he), ŝi (she), ĝi (it), oni (English ‘one’), ni (we), vi (you), ili (they), si (‘self’, used as the reflexive pronoun).

By appending ‘a’ to the personal pronouns, we get the possessive adjectives: mia, via, ilia... = my|mine, your|yours, their|theirs...

Conjugation & Basic Verb Tenses

The same verb ending is used for all persons, in every tense – no irregular verbs:

+i - infinitive. Paroli = ‘to speak’.

+as – present. Mi parolas = I speak.

+is –past. Ni parolis = We spoke.

+os - future. Oni parolos = One will speak.

+us – conditional. Li parolus = He would speak.

+u - imperative. (Vi) Parolu! = Speak! [You shall speak!]

Lesson 3 ª.

Numbers

Cardinal: nul (0), unu (1), du (2), tri (3), kvar (4), kvin (5), ses (6), sep (7), ok (8), naŭ (9), dek (10), cent (100), mil (1000), miliono (million).

Examples: dek du (12), dudek unu (21), ducent (200), mil naŭcent sesdek ok (1968).

Ordinal = +a. Unua, dua = first, second...

Adverb = +e. Unue, due= firstly, secondly...

Noun = +o. Dekduo, dekoj = a dozen, tens.

Multiple = +obl+a. Duobla, triobla = double, triple.

Fraction = +on+o. Duono, kvarono = half, quarter.

Group = +op+o. Duopo, triopo = duo, trio.

Lesson 4 ª.

Question

To make yes|no questions, we put ‘ĉu’ at the beginning of a sentence:

Ĉu li manĝas? = Is he eating?

Jes, li manĝas = Yes, he’s eating.

Ne, li trinkas. = No, he’s drinking.

Negation

To make a negative sentence, we just need to insert the word ‘ne’ right before the word that it negates.

Mi ne kantas = I am not singing.

Ne mi kantas = it is not me singing.

Accusative

In order to indicate that a noun is the object of a verb, we append ‘n’ to the noun - and also to its adjectives, which is unlike English.

The ‘n’ ending is also used with adverbs of place, to indicate ‘change of place’, and it can also be used when a preposition is omitted.

Examples of usage:

Mi trinkas akvon (akv-o-n) = I drink water.

Mi amas vin (vi-n) = I love you.

Mi iras Parizon (Pariz-o-n) = I’m going to Paris.

Mi venos lundon (lund-o-n) = I’ll come on Monday.

Lesson 5 ª.

Correlatives

45 quite logical words.

i-(some)	ki- (what)		ti- (this)		ĉi- (every)		neni- (none)
+u (one)	iu some(one)	kiuwhich|who		tiu this (one)		ĉiu every(one)	neniu none(-one)
+o (thing)	io something	kio what		tio this (thing)		ĉio everything	nenio nothing
+a(kind)	ia some kind	kia what kind		tia this kind		ĉia every kind	nenia no kind
+e (place)	ie somewhere	kie where		tie there		ĉie everywhere	nenie nowhere
+am (time)	iam sometime	kiam when		tiam then		ĉiam always	neniam never
+el (manner)	iel somehow	kiel how		tiel thus		ĉiel every way	neniel no way
+al (reason)	ial for some reason	kial why		tial for this reason		ĉial for every reason	nenial for no reason
+om (amount)	iom some, a little	kiom how much		tiom this much		ĉiom every quantity	nenion no quantity
+es (“...’s”)	ies someone’s	kies whose		ties this one’s		ĉies everyone’s	nenies nobody’s

Lesson 6 ª.

Sufixes

Placed between the root and the end of the word.

• names of living beings:

+ul (person): juna = young, junulo = a youth

+an (member): urbo = city, urbano = a citizen

+ist (profession): pano = bread, panisto = baker

+in (feminine): patro = father, patrino = mother

+id (offspring): koko = rooster, kokido = chick

+estr (chief): urbo = city, urbestro = mayor